The goal of paracorp is to provide an R functionality for generating parallel concordance (Keyword-in-Context KWIC display) from a parallel/bilingual corpora. The first attempt is implemented in the para_conc() function that is built on top of the tidyverse suit of packages. Please use the following citation if paracorp is used in publications:
citation("paracorp") #> #> To cite `paracorp` in publications (in 'Unified style sheet for #> linguistics' style) use: #> #> Rajeg, Gede Primahadi Wijaya. 2021. paracorp: A concordancer for #> parallel, bilingual corpora. R package. #> https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HV9CU #> https://github.com/gederajeg/paracorp #> #> A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is #> #> @Manual{rajeg_paracorp_2021, #> title = {paracorp: A concordancer for parallel, bilingual corpora}, #> author = {Gede Primahadi Wijaya Rajeg}, #> year = {2021}, #> doi = {10.17605/OSF.IO/HV9CU}, #> publisher = {GitHub and Open Science Framework (OSF)}, #> url = {https://github.com/gederajeg/paracorp}, #> note = {R package version 0.0.1}, #> }
The paracorp package is part of the following research project (Rajeg, Rajeg, Kartini, et al. 2021b):
Rajeg, Gede Primahadi Wijaya, I Made Rajeg, Putu Dea Indah Kartini & I Gede Semara Dharma Putra. 2021. Material pendukung untuk MODEL KAJIAN TERJEMAHAN BERBASIS BANK DATA TERJEMAHAN DIGITAL INGGRIS-INDONESIA DAN IMPLIKASI PEDAGOGISNYA. Open Science Framework. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/Y6ESA. https://osf.io/y6esa/.
The output of the research has been disseminated in several seminars (Rajeg, Rajeg, Kartini, et al. 2021a; Rajeg, Rajeg, Putra, et al. 2021).
Installation
You can install the development version of paracorp from GitHub with:
# install.packages("devtools") devtools::install_github("gederajeg/paracorp")
Examples
The paracorp package comes with internal sample data of English-Indonesian parallel corpora from the science genre developed by the PAN BPPT project (Adriani and Riza 2009; BPPT 2009). The data are available in the form of character vectors called sci_en (for the English text) whose line is aligned with the Indonesian version (sci_id).
The code-snippet below shows how to generate a parallel concordance for the English modal verb “should” as the target, search-term and present the Indonesian translation (shown in the TRANSLATION column in the output table).
library(paracorp) # load the package # in this example, the English text is used as the source text my_para_conc <- para_conc(source_text = sci_en, target_text = sci_id, pattern = "\\bshould\\b", # regular expression pattern conc_sample = 20) # retrieve 20 random concordance lines #> The output concordance file (called: 'parallel_conc.txt') will be saved in this directory: '/Users/Primahadi/Documents/r-packages/paracorp' #> The output concordance will ALSO be returned as a tibble data frame in the R console. #> Detecting the match/pattern... #> You choose to generate a 20 random-sample of the concordance lines. #> Creating a 20 random-sample of the concordance lines... #> Generating the concordance for the match/pattern... #> Saving the output concordance file (called: 'parallel_conc.txt') in '/Users/Primahadi/Documents/r-packages/paracorp'. # peek into the results as tibble/data frame head(my_para_conc) #> # A tibble: 6 x 4 #> LEFT NODE RIGHT TRANSLATION #> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> #> 1 You shou… be able to control… "Anda seharusnya dapat men… #> 2 It shou… be admitted that i… "Perlu diakui bahwa untuk … #> 3 This was doubly ironica… shou… be denigrated rath… "Hal ini sangat ironis, ka… #> 4 The government shou… be more proactive … "Hendaknya pemerintah lebi… #> 5 Recently a chemist prop… shou… be named guacamole. "Seorang kimiawan baru-bar… #> 6 To prevent the incidenc… shou… be parked in a loc… "Untuk menghindari terjadi…
The printed messages show that, by default, para_conc() also saves the concordance into a tab-separated plain text (by default called 'parallel_conc.txt'), in addition to returning a tibble/data frame format of the concordance. The tab-separated 'parallel_conc.txt' file can be opened in MS Excel for further corpus-based analyses.
Suppressing the automatic plain-text output
You can suppress the automatic plain-text-output behaviour by specifying filename = FALSE as shown below. In this situation, the output of para_conc() is only the tibble/data frame.
# suppress automatic output file behaviour with `filename = FALSE` my_para_conc <- para_conc(source_text = sci_en, target_text = sci_id, pattern = "\\bshould\\b", # regular expression pattern conc_sample = 20, # retrieve 20 random concordance lines filename = FALSE) # suppress automatic output file #> The output concordance will be returned as a tibble data frame in the R console. #> Detecting the match/pattern... #> You choose to generate a 20 random-sample of the concordance lines. #> Creating a 20 random-sample of the concordance lines... #> Generating the concordance for the match/pattern... # peek into the results as tibble/data frame head(my_para_conc) #> # A tibble: 6 x 4 #> LEFT NODE RIGHT TRANSLATION #> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> #> 1 Moreover, with its … should actually be an endles… "Apalagi dengan ragam buda… #> 2 Very often there ar… should actually not be used … "Pemakaian granat gas seri… #> 3 This enzyme should … should also react to the hol… "Enzim ini tentunya menjad… #> 4 This cannon should be able to be used to… "Meriam ini harus bisa dig… #> 5 You should be able to control no… "Anda seharusnya dapat men… #> 6 The minor improveme… should be as readily preserv… "Perubahan kecil dari gene…
Switching the source- and target-text inputs
Moreover, the position of the input corpora can be reversed depending on the nature of the corpora or the research question(s). In the example below, the Indonesian text is entered into the source_text argument while the English text is entered into the target_text argument. In this case, the input string in the pattern argument of para_conc() should represent the Indonesian target-keyword.
# in this example, the Indonesian text is used as the source text my_para_conc <- para_conc(source_text = sci_id, target_text = sci_en, pattern = "\\bmungkin\\b", # regular expression pattern conc_sample = 20) # retrieve 20 random concordance lines #> The output concordance file (called: 'parallel_conc.txt') will be saved in this directory: '/Users/Primahadi/Documents/r-packages/paracorp' #> The output concordance will ALSO be returned as a tibble data frame in the R console. #> Detecting the match/pattern... #> You choose to generate a 20 random-sample of the concordance lines. #> Creating a 20 random-sample of the concordance lines... #> Generating the concordance for the match/pattern... #> Saving the output concordance file (called: 'parallel_conc.txt') in '/Users/Primahadi/Documents/r-packages/paracorp'. # peek into the results as tibble/data frame head(my_para_conc) #> # A tibble: 6 x 4 #> LEFT NODE RIGHT TRANSLATION #> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> #> 1 Bukan tidak mungk… , alat elektronik … It is possible that the el… #> 2 Karena sel darah merah… mungk… , yakni harus memp… Since red blood cells have… #> 3 Tank dengan suspensi y… mungk… . Tanks with poor suspension… #> 4 Kantor Paten AS sendir… mungk… akan segera disetu… The Patent Office of the … #> 5 Suatu kegiatan yang su… mungk… berjalan secara sp… It is impossible for a pla… #> 6 Sistem sonar dalam lum… mungk… berkembang bertaha… This sonar system in dolph…
Sampling numbers
If the requested number of sample (out of all matches) is greater than or equal to the number of matches of the search pattern, para_conc() will print messages indicating these situations, and will retrieve all matches found, rather than generating sample that is supposed to be fewer than the total matches.
The snippet below shows the scenario and printed message when the requested number of sample is equal to the number of matches.
# sample number requested is equal to the matches para_conc(sci_en, sci_id, pattern = "should", conc_sample = 64, filename = FALSE) #> The output concordance will be returned as a tibble data frame in the R console. #> Detecting the match/pattern... #> You choose to generate a 64 random-sample of the concordance lines. #> The requested number of samples (64) is equal to the number of matches (64). #> All (64) matches will be returned. #> Generating the concordance for the match/pattern... #> # A tibble: 64 x 4 #> LEFT NODE RIGHT TRANSLATION #> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> #> 1 Moreover, with its di… shou… actually be an endle… "Apalagi dengan ragam bud… #> 2 Very often there are … shou… actually not be used… "Pemakaian granat gas ser… #> 3 This enzyme should cr… shou… also react to the ho… "Enzim ini tentunya menja… #> 4 When designating thes… shou… always be borne in m… "Ketika menentukan filum … #> 5 This cannon shou… be able to be used t… "Meriam ini harus bisa di… #> 6 You shou… be able to control n… "Anda seharusnya dapat me… #> 7 Therefore, the will t… shou… be able to foresee t… "Oleh karena itu, kehenda… #> 8 It shou… be admitted that ini… "Perlu diakui bahwa untuk… #> 9 The minor improvement… shou… be as readily preser… "Perubahan kecil dari gen… #> 10 The process shou… be carried by the do… "Proses tersebut harus di… #> # … with 54 more rows
Meanwhile, the snippet below shows the scenario and printed message when the requested number of sample is greater than the number of matches.
# sample number requested is greater than the matches para_conc(sci_en, sci_id, pattern = "should", conc_sample = 67, filename = FALSE) #> The output concordance will be returned as a tibble data frame in the R console. #> Detecting the match/pattern... #> You choose to generate a 67 random-sample of the concordance lines. #> The requested number of samples (67) is greater than the number of matches (64). #> All (64) matches will be returned. #> Generating the concordance for the match/pattern... #> # A tibble: 64 x 4 #> LEFT NODE RIGHT TRANSLATION #> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> #> 1 Moreover, with its di… shou… actually be an endle… "Apalagi dengan ragam bud… #> 2 Very often there are … shou… actually not be used… "Pemakaian granat gas ser… #> 3 This enzyme should cr… shou… also react to the ho… "Enzim ini tentunya menja… #> 4 When designating thes… shou… always be borne in m… "Ketika menentukan filum … #> 5 This cannon shou… be able to be used t… "Meriam ini harus bisa di… #> 6 You shou… be able to control n… "Anda seharusnya dapat me… #> 7 Therefore, the will t… shou… be able to foresee t… "Oleh karena itu, kehenda… #> 8 It shou… be admitted that ini… "Perlu diakui bahwa untuk… #> 9 The minor improvement… shou… be as readily preser… "Perubahan kecil dari gen… #> 10 The process shou… be carried by the do… "Proses tersebut harus di… #> # … with 54 more rows
No matches
When no matches were found for the string given in the pattern argument, para_conc() will also print out the message informing so and no output will be produced. See the example below.
# For instance, searching for an Indonesian word when the source text is in English # will most likely produce such no-match message. para_conc(sci_en, sci_id, pattern = "\\bmungkin\\b", conc_sample = 20, filename = FALSE) #> The output concordance will be returned as a tibble data frame in the R console. #> Sorry; NO match(es) found! Try another corpus/pattern! #> N.B. Have you also checked that the source-text language matches with the language of the search pattern?
R Session Info
devtools::session_info() #> ─ Session info ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── #> setting value #> version R version 4.0.5 (2021-03-31) #> os macOS Big Sur 10.16 #> system x86_64, darwin17.0 #> ui X11 #> language (EN) #> collate en_US.UTF-8 #> ctype en_US.UTF-8 #> tz Asia/Makassar #> date 2021-12-11 #> #> ─ Packages ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── #> package * version date lib source #> assertthat 0.2.1 2019-03-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> backports 1.1.7 2020-05-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> cachem 1.0.5 2021-05-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> callr 3.6.0 2021-03-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> cli 3.1.0 2021-10-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> crayon 1.4.1 2021-02-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> DBI 1.1.0 2019-12-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> desc 1.4.0 2021-09-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> devtools 2.4.3 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> digest 0.6.25 2020-02-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> dplyr 1.0.5 2021-03-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> ellipsis 0.3.1 2020-05-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> evaluate 0.14 2019-05-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> fansi 0.4.1 2020-01-08 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> fastmap 1.1.0 2021-01-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> fs 1.5.1 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> generics 0.0.2 2018-11-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> glue 1.4.1 2020-05-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> hms 1.0.0 2021-01-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> htmltools 0.5.2 2021-08-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> knitr 1.30 2020-09-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> lifecycle 1.0.0 2021-02-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> magrittr 2.0.1 2020-11-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> memoise 2.0.0 2021-01-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> paracorp * 0.0.1 2021-12-11 [1] local #> pillar 1.6.0 2021-04-13 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> pkgbuild 1.3.0 2021-12-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.5) #> pkgconfig 2.0.3 2019-09-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> pkgload 1.2.4 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> prettyunits 1.1.1 2020-01-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> processx 3.5.1 2021-04-04 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> ps 1.6.0 2021-02-28 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> purrr 0.3.4 2020-04-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> R6 2.4.1 2019-11-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> readr 1.4.0 2020-10-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> remotes 2.4.2 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> rlang 0.4.11 2021-04-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> rmarkdown 2.11 2021-09-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> rprojroot 1.3-2 2018-01-03 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> rstudioapi 0.13 2020-11-12 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> sessioninfo 1.1.1 2018-11-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> stringi 1.5.3 2020-09-09 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> stringr 1.4.0 2019-02-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> testthat 3.0.2 2021-02-14 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> tibble 3.1.0 2021-02-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> tidyselect 1.1.0 2020-05-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> usethis 2.1.3 2021-10-27 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> utf8 1.1.4 2018-05-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> vctrs 0.3.7 2021-03-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> withr 2.4.1 2021-01-26 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> xfun 0.22 2021-03-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.2) #> yaml 2.2.1 2020-02-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.0.0) #> #> [1] /Users/Primahadi/Rlibs #> [2] /Library/Frameworks/R.framework/Versions/4.0/Resources/library
